CSF transport comprises a humoral signaling pathway between the brain and the trigeminal ganglion,” they further stated. “… as such, this flow route effectively permits fluid-borne ...

To see whether massaging these vessels could boost CSF flow, the researchers built a device with a small rod attached to a 1-centimetre-wide cotton ball.

A previous MRI study showed that tracer injected into CSF entered the dura near the sites of bridging veins, implying that CSF can flow out along this pathway (Ringstad and Eide, 2020).