Social control in science operates through the process in which the colleague group validates individual scientists' contributions to knowledge to the laymen who provide support and rewards for ...

One such model is the external control arm (ECA), which leverages real-world data (RWD) to supplement or replace control groups, especially when enrolling patients in placebo arms is impractical ...

The value of a second control group depends on the supplementary information that is available about unobserved biases that are suspected to exist. A second control group provides a test of the ...