Earth held a deep ocean of magma beneath its surface in its early history, new research finds, potentially explaining odd anomalies seen in the mantle today. This basal magma ocean has been hotly ...

Sedimentary rocks have unveiled a fascinating chapter in Earth’s geological history, revealing ancient ocean floor cooling.

The accretion of new material during Pluto’s formation may have generated enough heat to create a liquid ocean that has persisted beneath an icy crust to the present day, despite the dwarf planet’s ...

Scientists have shown how the freezing of a ‘slushy’ ocean of magma may be responsible for the composition of the Moon’s crust. The scientists, from the University of Cambridge and the Ecole normale ...

Rocks store information from long ago. For instance, their composition can reveal the environmental conditions during their ...

For more than 50 years, scientists have dreamed of seeing the hidden patterns that govern the motion of nonlinear waves—the ...

The formation of marine snow is an important part of the biological carbon pump as carbon is exported to depth. These particles are composed of cells, minerals, and other sources of organic carbon ...

3.8 billion years ago, when the Earth’s temperature cooled down, rain fell for centuries. Oceans formed. Longer than human history, the creation of oceans—all this water that we can float on, fly over ...