While efforts in Europe focused on Enigma, the outcome of the Pacific War hinged on intercepting and breaking Japanese naval ciphers—most notably the code known as JN-25. This code was a two-step ...

Before we all had what are essentially little powerful computers in our pockets at the ready to solve any problem via search engines and AI, analog machines combined with pen-and-paper math was the go ...

1. Introduction -- 2. From Julius Caesar to simple substitution -- 3. Polyalphabetic systems -- 4. Jigsaw ciphers -- 5. Two-letter ciphers -- 6. Codes -- 7. Ciphers for spies -- 8. Producing random ...

Buyers are excited by this M4 Enigma machine due to sell next week. Will it make its £300,000 top estimate? See why it might ...